Comparative Study on the Origin of Religion Essay Example for Free

Comparative Study on the Origin of Religion Essay Since the early 1800s, there had been an ample amount of skeptics trying to account for the origin of religion. The basic question on everybody’s mind was where does religion come from? Some believed that people developed religion because they didn’t understand the forces of nature around them. Others believe that religion was created as a way of restrain people. In the 19th century, people were introduced to social science and anthropologists who once studied primitive culture were exposed to several theories on the origin of religion. Edward B Tylor was one of the first who developed a theory on religion. Max Muller was a German professor at Oxford University whose interest included Indian mythology and the study of religion. Another anthropologist was George Frazer who key contributions to religious anthropology was a religious encyclopedia. There are many explanations to the origin of religion, one of the most prominent being Edward B. Tylor’s theory of animism. This theory is considered the foundation of the physical evolution of religion; two other influential religious anthropologists, Max Muller and James Frazer, also based their explanations of the origin of religion on nature. All three religious anthropologists are similar in the sense that they traced the evolution of religion in an attempt to figure out the origin of it but differ in the way they approach the concept of religion. Edward B. Tylor developed the theory of animism to help explain the most rudimentary form of religion. Animism is defined as the belief that attributes souls and spirits to humans, plants, animals and other entities. Animistic religious beliefs are well-known among primitive societies who were â€Å"so low in culture as to have no religious conceptions what so ever† (Tylor). Tylor considered animism as the most primitive phase in the development of religion. He believed that the reflection of dreams and the observation of death caused primitive people to develop the idea of souls and spirits. Tylor thought that primitive people believed that everything in nature had a soul within it. He hypothesized that a belief in animism led to the formation of a more generalized god and, eventually, the creation of monotheism. Animism ultimately led to the evolution of religion in the minds of the people. It led them to take something so simple as nature and use it to explain the natural phenomenon in their environment. A conflicting theory that uses the concept of evolution is that of Max Muller. Another theory of the origin of religion was developed by Max Muller. He believed that people first developed religion from the observation of nature. According to his theory, primitive people became aware of regularity of the seasons, the tides and the phases of the moon. Their response to these forces in nature was to personalize them†(Hopfe and Woodward). They personalized them through linguistics. Muller believed that development of religion was a cause of confusion in language (Goldsmith). There seems to be a divide between Muller and Tylor over the nature of the origin o f religion. Max Muller believed that the answer to the sole origin of religion could be found in the past and a person can trace its origin in the linguistic remnants in the Indo-European languages. Tylor thought that implementing an ethnological approach would be more successful than studying languages for answers of the origin of religion. Evolution of religion is evident in Muller’s theory because â€Å"they personified the forces of nature, created myths to describe their activities, and eventually developed pantheons and religions around them† (Hopfe and Woodward). By developing religions and pantheons from identifying the forces in nature is a clear sign of the evolution of religion in the human mind set. Even though their theories are different, the idea of evolution of religion in the human mind is evident in both Muller and Tylor’s theory. Sir James George Frazer, a fellow religious anthropologist, began developing his own theories on religion. Frazer believed that humans used magic as a way to control nature and the events around them and when that failed, they turned to religion. They used religion to control the events for a while and when religion failed they turned to science. Frazer’s theories were similar to those of Tylor. They both believed that the human mind developed in the same way as that of physical evolution.. Even though Frazer took a similar approach to Tylor in tracing the origin of religion, he modified Tylor’s theory and replaced Tylor’s theory of animism with his idea of magic. A similarity between Frazer and Tylor is that they both believed that religion began from an intentional method of describing and making sense of a strange world. Frazer replaces the idea that religion explains nature by introducing science as a substitute. Frazer’s approach to tracing the origin of religion is similar to that of Tylor and Muller since all three traced the evolution of religion in an attempt to figure out its origin. Both Muller and Frazer’s theory are similar to Tylor’s theory since both trace the origin of religion through the evolution of it but differ in the way they interpret religion. All three of them seemed to miss a vital element of religion which is that no one who practices religion is doing so to explain how the world works. People use religion for several reasons. Some use it to give meaning to their lives while others use it to enforce social order. Maybe all three anthropologists didn’t miss this key component but rather didn’t know about it due to the rapid evolution of religion.

Relationships and Love in Frosts, Wind and Window Flower Essay

Relationships and Love in Frost's, Wind and Window Flower In "Wind and Window Flower" Frost explores a love too fragile for the lovers to pursue. The lovers in this poem are enticed by one another but remain worlds apart. This tale of love is one of temptation, excitement, and disappointment. The window flower is an image of beauty and warmth. The flower is protected from the outside world and is safe inside the warm, firelit house, as is the woman. In contrast, the image of the winter breeze is cold, fierce, and impersonal. The man knows little of the things of love. The unknown is the attraction between the lovers, it is strong, and in the end will prove superficial. The wind took notice of the flower as she becomes unveiled through the frosty window. The woman's beauty is the attraction which leads the man to her. At this point little is known of her. He is unsure of how to respond to her so he passes by, only to return later. This represents his fear of the unknown, and possibly that of commitment. The man is a stranger to the ways of love. This is see...

Shape-Changers the Chronicles of the Cheysuli

Book Report Trevor Mendham While i was in the library with the class. Shape-Changers the Chronicles of the Cheysuli written by Jennifer Roberson had caught my interest. This book was published in 1984 while the author was living in a castle. Jennifer Roberson has said that the eight book series had been inspired by the castle in Wales. Although this book is part of a large series, I strongly believe this book is about the choices that we make. The main character Alix has the choice to play it safe or to take a risk and truly find the answers she seeks. I personally would enjoy continue reading this series. Although the book was very short and left quite a few lose ends for the next book. This book set in the land of Cheysuli within the Kingdom of Homana. Alix the daughter of a man who was a religion leader whom resigned after the war on shape-changers started. After this he started running a under-croft, where dead body are displayed for the public viewing, taking a major reduction in wage and honourable work. Alix has fallen for the prince named Carillon a childhood friend, from the fathers previous profession. Soon after they are captured while walking in the woods by the shape-changers. Alix finds that she is half blooded shape-changer and has to decide to accept who she is, and lose the love of price Carillon and be at war with his race. This story was very odd but was a good book. The fiction of this story is tied to reality in a very unique way, that is very effective in making the story not feel very fantasy. This feature made the book truly more enjoyable. Other writing techniques like not having any foreshadowing. The book keeps you guessing until the very end. Even within the story parts that I had never seen coming, Like releasing the prince. Allowing Alix to run away and eventually return on curiosity. I would recommend anyone who wants a quick read of a quality story. Overall I would give this story eight out of ten stars without reading the rest of the series.

Theme Of Empathy In The Grapes Of Wrath - 1096 Words

Crashing, banging, and screaming echo from the upstairs neighbors as the tv flashes through different channels.The screaming continues on and on until nothing, everything had ended in a large thud. The thought of calling the police or doing nothing swirls through the thoughts of all that could hear the commotion. The idea of helping others in their time of need is caused by the empathy people feel about the situation and will determine if police will show up or not. In the novel The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, the same ideas circulate through characters littered throughout the book. The dustbowl is in full effect with thousands of people kicked off their land, which causes them to all search for jobs in California. The people†¦show more content†¦The words â€Å"To build a wall†(150) are emphasized by Steinbeck to show how people reacted to the loss of empathy by restraining it in a closed corner of the mind in order to fill the requisite of what is needed fro m occupations. In the end, Steinbeck had the owner men adapt to their jobs and block the flow of empathy or resist, but lose your job in the process. Individuals come from different perspectives on a situation and will have a difficult time reasoning with others due to the misunderstandings of the other’s thought process. Tom was talking to a gas station owner whose â€Å"tryin’ to get along†(126) but doesnt understand the reason for everyone moving west. The gas station owner is part of the glass bubble that in unable to fathom the reasoning of moving West in unsanitary conditions and vice versa can be said about Tom who does not understand the gas station owner’s perspective. Steinbeck describes the gas station owners perspective by him seeing â€Å"any them big new cars stops here?†(126) to further develop empathy for the gas station owner. The confrontation between Tom and the gas station owner further illustrates how difficult interactions with others who have foreign perspectives. The gas station owner mostly observes people who â€Å"steal stuff†(126) from his store and they  "got no money†(126), so they revert to begging in search for some empathy. Over time, the gas station owner becomes deprived of empathy because he gives and gives,Show MoreRelatedComparing The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck and To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee1327 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing killed in a ditch and covered with quicklime, watch the mountains of oranges slop down to a putrefying ooze; and in the eyes of the people there is a failure; and in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath† (Steinbeck 349). John Steinbeck, the author of The Grapes of Wrath, portrays the migrant’s resentment of the California land owners and their way of life and illustrates that the vagrants from Oklahoma are yearning for labor, provisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a MockingbirdRead MoreThematic Message: Good vs. Evil1546 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing killed in a ditch and covered with quicklime, watch the mountains of oranges slop down to a putref ying ooze; and in the eyes of the people there is a failure; and in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath† (Steinbeck 349). John Steinbeck, the author of The Grapes of Wrath, portrays the migrant’s resentment of the California land owners and their way of life and illustrates that the vagrants from Oklahoma are yearning for labor, provisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a MockingbirdRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck and To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee1413 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing killed in a ditch and covered with quicklime, watch the mountains of oranges slop down to a putrefying ooze; and in the eyes of the people there is a failure; and in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath† (Steinbeck 349). John Steinbeck, the author of The Grapes of Wrath, portrays the migrant’s resentment of the California land owners and their way of life and illustrates that the vagrants from Oklahoma are yearning for labor, p rovisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a MockingbirdRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1967 Words   |  8 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck is the story which takes place in a time where opportunity is nil and desperation has overtaken American en masse. The story is told several viewpoints with majority of them being witnessed from Tom Joad and his family while others are from minor characters who share a similar circumstance or actively benefiting from the misfortunes of others. Larger businesses are overtaking others and placing profits above people. The care and welfare for other human becomesRead MoreEast Of Eden By John Steinbeck2066 Words   |  9 PagesAuthors have very versatile writing styles that contribute to getting their messages and themes across. An author always has a motive for writing a story and a point they are trying to get across. John Steinbeck has written some very influential novels in his life. These books are read in high schools, as well as in people s free time to try and expand their minds and change their perspectives on life. Steinbeck has a very descriptive writing style that helps make his books classic novelsRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of The Boy With A Red Pony1492 Words   |  6 Pagespatiently adjust to the life of unremitting hardships, squalor, pain and even thrust of insult but their sheer survival must be looked upon as a triumph of the spirit. Steinbeck writes with empathy, clarity and perspicuity. It is noted in a journal entry: In every bit of honest writing in the world...there is a base theme. Try to understand men, if you understand each other you will be kind to each other. Knowing a man well never leads to hate and nearly always leads to love (Mac Nicholas 1965: 2). HumanRead MoreEthos And Pathos In Sherman Alexies Superman And Me1183 Words   |  5 Pagesof organization. Likewise, another appeal used by Sherman is pathos. Pathos, or argument by emotion is most prevailing in the text due to the frequent theme of obstacles presented to the author, and how those struggles evict emotion from the audience. First, Sherman describes his father in a way that excites strong emotion, and possible empathy. â€Å"My father loved books, and since I loved my father with an aching devotion, I decided to love books as well† (Sherman 1). In general love is a strong wordRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Jr Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pageshe worked for a period on neighboring homesteads, particularly Spreckels Sugar Ranch. The farming business as of now depended on shabby, transient work. It was amid this time Steinbeck met a hefty portion of the sorts of individuals depicted with empathy in his later written work. Of Mice and Men (1937), a well-known and basic achievement, was chosen by the Book-of-the-Month Club. Taking after its distribution, Steinbeck visited England, Ireland, Russia, and Sweden. He came back to the United StatesRead MorePersuasive Essay Banning Books2002 Words   |  9 Pagesnote asking if it was fine if he read Fahrenheit 451, although, it held foul language and descriptions of the burning of a Bible. Daniel Radosh responded in a witty note that the permission slip was a perfect way to intricate the students with the theme of the novel by censoring the book itself. This example of Daniel Radosh and his son is just one of many cases where censorship affected a literary work. There is a wide-range of books that are challenged per year by patrons and parents. Books areRead MoreLooking Back. At The Beginning Of The Semester I Can Honestly1800 Words   |  8 Pagesasked to write about it was somewhat of a challenge for me at first. I have never taken the time to get somethin g on paper they way that I had. I found it to be both enlightening and enjoyable. I was also surprised how much I enjoyed reading Grapes of Wrath. Aside from being an excellent story, I also enjoyed learning about the history behind it. I have always been a history lover, and have social studies as part of my degree. Being able to relate the occurrences in the text to what is happening

The Core Value Of Social Justice Essay - 1704 Words

Social Justice Similarly, the core value of social justice is defined in the context of ethical principles as that of social workers challenging social injustices. In working with a client like Vivi, a moral dilemma would arise which would have the potential to affect society as a whole by depriving others of the peace, equality, and treatment deserved by all human beings. Also, as a federally mandated reporter, a workers professional ethics and an individual’s personal set of standards can become compromised, in that, not only is child abuse and domestic violence an enormous societal problem, but it is also against the law. Thereby, affecting the general public as a whole and as a social worker, being legally and ethically bound to report such findings. Again, as a social worker who has endured a lifecycle of abuse may find appropriate decision-making confusing about what is right and wrong, and what obligations, limitations, and or actions the social worker has to the client and themselves , in keeping such information private and confidential. As a social worker, committed to social justice, one must understand the private and intricate â€Å"connection between an individual’s suffering and the social context from which it arises† Frederic G. Reamer, PhD., (2006); i.e. environmental forces that create, contribute to and address problems in everyday life. In knowing this, a social worker who works with clients can bring about a change in their behavior and actions, inShow MoreRelatedThe Six Core Values Of Social Work713 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The primary mission of a Social Worker profession is to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. A historic and defining feature of social work is the profession’s focus on individual well-being of society. Fundamental to social work is attention to the environmental forces that create, contribute to, a nd address problems in living.† (NASWRead MoreValues Ethics in Social Work 1298 Words   |  6 Pagesprofessional values in the ‘British Association of Social Work’ (BASW). With this the concepts of ethics and how this operates in social work practice and analyse the general role in governing and representatives bodies in social work practice†. Values are described as set of rules and guides in the right and wrong decisions we make. Values facilitates the decisions in recognising what is worthy and valuable, with this, weighs out the important and less important, when there is a conflict of values. EthicsRead MoreSocial Worker And Social Work Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of what social work is. My view of social work was based off of movies that portrayed social workers as individuals who only worked with children. In these movies, the social worker was known as the Child Protective Agent and was called in when a child or children were being mistreated. After taking this course, I now know that my idea of a social worker, although right, was only the tip of an iceberg. The social worker does not only work with children, they work within a large social system thatRead MoreThe Core Value Of Social Work1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe first core value of social work is service. The purpose of service is to simply h elp those in need. It is our duty to find the help and support that individuals need in order to function properly, both individually and socially. Social workers have the ability to see potential in individuals and it is our job to help individuals find that potential. It is also our duty to address social issues. In order to do provide the services needed for individuals, social workers must use their own sourceRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And The Social Work1562 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the social work profession, one of the main goals is promoting social justice and changing the lives of individuals, and with that goal in mind, it is imperative that the Core Values are followed closely. By definition from DuBois and Miley, â€Å"eradicating injustices and inequalities to ensure social justice and to protect human rights is the call to action for social workers† (DuBois Miley, 2014, p.47). Over time the profession of social work evolved, and eventually the National Ass ociationRead MoreWhere Do I Go From Here?1368 Words   |  6 Pagesthis course, my knowledge about professional values and ethics in the field of Social Work has greatly increased. I have learned that values and ethics are crucial in succeeding in social work and helping a client overcome an issue. The National Association of Social Work (NASW) created the Code of Ethics, which professional Social Workers can refer to and know how to best handle a situation (2008). The text, From the front lines: Student cases in social work ethics, states that the Code of EthicsRead MoreSocial Work s Journey As A Profession And Its Resulting Values913 Words   |  4 Pagesset of values they must analyze their lives and determine what is important to them. The time period in which a person was born, their cultural origins, religion, and life experiences all affect what their values will be. In the same way, the social work profession established its values by analyzing its origins, its successes a nd its failures. This paper looks at social work’s journey as a profession and its resulting values. This paper then discusses my personal life experience, my values, and howRead MoreSocial Welfare Essay719 Words   |  3 Pagesthe same. Some of these routines, would include education, social life, and most important of all career perspectives. Rules and procedures vary from the different business you apply to however do the different rules and procedures vary from the countries that business thrive from? The purpose of this essay is to describe the differences and similarities from the National Association of Social Workers and the International Federation of Social Workers. The difference between the NASW and IFSW is thatRead MoreWhat Learning Experiences Can You Design For Yourself That Will Help You Essay861 Words   |  4 Pageswork with. Furthermore, I can continue to work on implementing the social work skills as I work with clients and families, actively learn from others, and implement the guidance that is provided to me. b. What responsibility does a social worker have to monitor, evaluate, and improve services to clients? A social worker must take the responsibility to monitor, evaluate, and improve services to clients to uphold the mission of the social work profession to enhance the well-being of others while helpingRead MoreThe Cornerstone Of Nursing Practice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessionalism and ethics have been the cornerstone of nursing practice. â€Å"Ethical values and practices are the foundation upon which moral actions in professional practice are based† ( LaSala Bjarnason, 2010). Core professional nursing values (CPNV) are taught and instructed upon in nursing programs. This paper will explore and define the CPNV of altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity, and social justice. Although these values are all individual characteristics, I will show that they are all intertwined

Effects of Exercise on Anxiety and Depression Essays

Critically Analyse the Research Findings on the Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Anxiety and Depression It has long been speculated that there is a relationship between exercise and it effects on anxiety and depression. However, it is not until recently that research has shown that exercise is associated with positive changes in mood and reductions in anxiety and depression. According to the Mental Health Victoria, depression is characterised by prolonged feelings of sadness, dejection and hopelessness and will affect one in four women and one in six men at some point in their lives. In the United States, anxiety disorders and depression are the most common mental health disorders costing the public $45 billion a year (Berger,†¦show more content†¦399). Investigations on the chronic effects of exercise have involved programs which last approximately 2-4 months consisting of two to four sessions per week. Most research on effects of acute exercise has focused on the reduction of state anxiety. Recent studies, (Focht Hausenblas, 2001; Ekkekakis, Hall Petruzzello, 1999) showed that aerobic exercise resulted in lowered state anxiety and higher tranquility scores. In addition to this, other research has revealed that moderate-intensity exercise produced the greatest positive effects in affective responses implying that the anxiety reduction following exercise occurs regardless of the intensity, duration or type of exercise (Berger, Pargman Weinberg, 2002, pp. 399-401). Raglin and Morgan (1987) found that state anxiety was reduced for 24 hours after the exercise bout, whereas participants in a control rest condition returned to baseline levels within 30 minutes (Berger, Pargman Weinberg, 2002, pp. 400). Although acute exercise is no more effective in decreasing state anxiety than quiet rest of distraction, the effects last longer. According to Breus and O’Connor (1998), the decrease in state anxiety after exercise lasted several hours, which was more than in the distraction and quiet rest groups. This implies that positive effects may be gained afte r a few weeks of training, but enduring effects may only be achieved through continuous exercise. There is a need to developShow MoreRelatedMusic Therapy And Depression922 Words   |  4 Pagessingle geographic area, which also restricts the applicability of the findings to other populations. Anxiety and depression can also be relieved through music therapy and muscle relaxation training exercise; nurses can supervise patients several times through deep muscle relaxation (McGregor Antoni, 2009) and through tension relaxation exercise which can cultivate their abilities to perform the exercise by themselves (Stuart and Laraia, 2008). Music therapy refers to the clinical and evidence-basedRead MoreEssay On Clinical Depression1487 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans suffer from clinical depression each year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2017), 322 million people are affected by depression around the world. Concerning industrialized Western world countries, it remains as the number one psychological disorder affecting its population (WHO, 2017). Most clinicians begin primarily with prescribing either pharmacologic or psychotherapy interventions. With billions of dollars spent in revue on treating depression (Chisholm, Sweeny, and SheehanRead MoreThe Effects Of Kouk Sun On University Students With Anxiety Symptoms1737 Words   |  7 Pages, Stumpp, J., â€Å"Reduced emotional stress reactivity to a real-life academic examination stressor in students participating in a 20-week aerobic exercise training: A randomised controlled trial using Ambulatory Assessment† and Kim, J., Yang, H., Schroeppel, S. (2013), â€Å"A Pilot Study Examining the Effects of Kouk Sun Do on University Students with Anxiety Symptoms†. The assessment will look at the best appraisal that best suit the case study of Mariana who is a first year health sciences student atRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety876 Words   |  4 PagesNormal and Abnormal Anxiety Anxiety is a reaction to things that stress you. It is normal to have some anxiety at work, school, or home. It is when anxiety becomes a daily occurrence with no known cause that it is categorized as a disorder. Anxiety, panic, and depression often begin with normal stress that gets out of control. Hectic lifestyles lead to poor eating habits, less restful sleep, deficiencies in vitamins and minerals the body needs, and higher levels of stress. You don’t have to workRead MoreEssay The Many Benefits of Exercise1513 Words   |  7 Pagesthe lack of education about health and exercise. Exercise has a wide variety of positive effects on the body and mind that can be categorized into three main parts. Part one describes psychological benefits, including the influences exercise has on the mind and its functions, as well as the behavioral changes it presents. Part two explains the physical qualities that exercise can enhance. This effect incorporates the body as apposed to the mind. Exercise affects your overall body appearance andRead MoreWhat Is 22 Random Control Trials For Patients With Chemotherapy And Treatment?1000 Words   |  4 Pagesterms of a psychological approach, the trials also used anxiety levels as a factor in their exercise plans. Out of five trials, three demonstrated positive effects, while two showed no statistical significance. Again, these programs included walking based programs and telephone counseling interventions. (Schmitz et al., 2010) The next trials they examined patients after chemotherapy and radiation treatments ended. In terms of depression and anxiety, the results were mixed. Out of seven trials, threeRead MoreThe Effects Of Exercise On Body s Physical Condition1247 Words   |  5 Pages Exercise has been proven to have a positive effect on our body’s physical condition, but what about our minds? Mental exercise, too, is influential on our bodies to decrease our stress levels. Though, we know how important it is to do physical exercise and manage stress, yet still 42% of adults say they are not doing enough to manage their stress mentally (http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2014/highlights.aspx ). Research has shown stress puts detrimental effects to our bodies and well-beingRead MoreWhile Joe Was Watching Tv One Day Eating Doritos He Was1555 Words   |  7 Pagesare the benefits of exercise?† He then took the time to research. A lack of physical activity leads to muscular reduction, weight gain, loss of bone strength, organ failure, and it can lead to an elevated risk for the leading causes of death, such as heart related problems and diabetes (Davis). An inactive life is bad for the human body, and very detrimental to one s health and life style. On the contrary, many physical, mental, and health benefits come with exercise. Exercise has physical benefitsRead MoreThe Publics Interaction With Anxiety, Depression, And Its Treatment1587 Words   |  7 Pages The Publics Interaction with Anxiety, Depression, and its Treatment Elijah-Smith-Antonides Community College of Road Island General Psychology Traci A. Rossi December 5th, 2016 â€Æ' The Publics Interaction with Anxiety, Depression, and its Treatment The treatment of mental disorders has made a huge amount of progress since the original days of cutting open a person’s head and letting the demons leak out. It seems that depression and anxiety are on the rise these days demanding more attentionRead MoreExercise May Help Improve Your Mental Health By Helping The Brain Manage Better With Stress1205 Words   |  5 PagesExercise may help improve your mental health by helping the brain manage better with stress. Stress is just a reaction to a stimulus that disturbs our physical or mental equilibrium. It is pretty much in our everyday life and we have to find a way to lower the stress. A stressful event can cause the â€Å"fight-or-flight† response, causing hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol to rush through the body. A small amount of stress, known as â€Å"acute stress,† can be exciting because it keeps us active and

European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing Case Study

Question: Describe about the European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing? Answer: Asthma is said to be an airway complication, which can be categorized physiologically as variable and partly reversible airflow obstruction and pathologically with overgrown mucus glands, bronchoconstriction, inflammation and thickening of airways because of scarring (Frieri, 2005). Bronchoconstriction is said to be the condition where airways become narrowed down within the lungs because of tightening of associated smooth muscle. Bronchial inflammation causes narrowing sown of airways because of swelling and edema caused by various immune reactions to allergens. Pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Severe damage of small airways leads to the buildup of big air pockets that is medically known as bullae and changes the tissue of the lungs. These complications are referred to as bullous emphysema (Rodrguez-Roisin, 2005). COPD occurs as constant and significant inflammatory response to the inhaled irritants. Continual bacterial infectivity may sometimes take part in inflammatory condition. Inflammatory cells, which are associated with COPD: neutrophil granulocytes, macrophages and few white blood cells. In addition smokers pose eosinophil, TC1and lymphocyte association. Pathophysiology of hypertension The hypertension pathophysiology is very much complicated. Various factors can modulte blood pressure for sufficient tissue perfusion (Zanchetti, 2014). These are: humoral mediators, circulating volume of blood, blood viscosity, cardiac output, neural simulation. Humoral factors may include balance of vasodilators and vasoconstriction. Pathophysiology of chronic heart failure The pathophysiology of chronic heart failure and leg swelling are correlated. The swelling of leg might have arisen because of fluid accumulation inside Lindas system. Fluid accumulation takes place because of reduced blood flow out of the heart and causes blood to return to heart through veins. This initiates accumulation of fluid within the lower limbs (Coats, 2000). 2. Clinical manifestations of chronic heart failure includes shortness of breathing or dyspnoea, fatigue, wheezing or chronic cough, irregular heartbeat, nausea or lack of appetite, impaired thinking, fluid buildup and quick weight gain. Important clinical manifestations, which go along with Lindas condition may include: productive and persistent cough, breathing shortness or dyspnoea, fluid buildup in legs and recent weight gain (Des Jardins and Burton, 2011). Dyspnoea may takes place because of the feeling of inadequate oxygen, chest tightness and daily living activity. Congestive heart failure takes place when a heart fails to properly circulate the blood successfully and fails to maintain the flow of blood to meet the systems requirements. If the case of chronic heart failure worsens, a patient may retain fluid inside his/her system. This takes place because of restricted blood flow to the kidneys (Skrabal et al., 2014). Consequently, kidneys generate hormones, which retain water and salt. This results in fluid accumulation inside the system, especially in leg or ankle region. Fluid buildup inside the lungs is the main reason for productive and persistent cough in Lindas case. Fluid buildup throughout the system may cause Linda to gain recent weight. 3. Lindas bending over the bedside table is might be because of her weakness, persistent coughing that makes her more tired, increased heart rate and little elevated respiratory rate. Nursing intervention Rationale Take notes on respiratory depth, rate and ease of breathing. Observation of associated muscles, change in color of mucous membrane Respiration rate may get increased because of pain or initial compensation to accommodate lung tissue scarcity. Nevertheless, increased breathing may indicate rapid oxygen consumption and immense energy expenditure or diminished respiratory reserve. Auscultation of lungs for the movement of air and abnormal sounds of breathing Lack of the movement of air on damaged side of the lungs Evaluation of restless condition and alterations in consciousness level Specify increased hypoxia Encourage resting periods and restrict activities to patient acceptance Increased consumption of oxygen can give rise to increased dyspnoea and alterations in vital indications with activity. Nevertheless, primary mobilization is preferred to assist the patient to avoid pulmonary difficulty and to attain and retain circulatory and respiratory efficiency (BURKE, PENSTON and RILEY, 2008). Maintain airway by properly positioning patient, application of suctioning and airway adjuncts Airway obstruction hampers gas exchange and ventilation. Frequent reposition of patient, place patient in sitting pose and to side position from supine position Maximize drainage secretion and lung expansion. These interventions are associated with impaired gas exchange. Nursing intervention Rationale Suctioning can be applied if breathing sounds do not get cleared after cough effort. After suctioning patient should be advised for deep breathing and coughing soon. Routine suctioning process can increase the chance of mucosal damage and hypoxemia. It should be performed gently to induce effective coughing These interventions are associated with inefficient airway clearance. Nurses should take care of Lindas safety factor. Linda has a chance to fall down so Linda should be assisted with bedrails or nurse aide, who can look after her during her movements. 4. Three nursing diagnoses for Linda should include pain management, fluid management and anxiety control. Pain management in nursing care is very much significant. It helps to evaluate cancer associated pain indications that may involve bone tissues, nerve or viscera. Application of rating scale helps patient to evaluate the pain level and offers tool for examining efficiencies of analgesics and this also enhance pain control. Patient should be provided with proper diet chart that will help the patient to maintain proper fluid balance for the entire day. Linda should be emotionally supported that will help her to initiate discovering and coping with the realism of cancer and associated treatment (Sloman, 2002). Linda might ask for time to recognize feelings or might ask for time to convey them. 5. Nursing intervention associated with pain management may include: asking patient regarding pain, determining characteristics associated with pain, for example: aching, burning and continuous and measure the pain intensity with the help of 0-10scale (Carr, Christensen and Layzell, 2010). Patient should be asked about their complication associated with fluid accumulation in the legs, whether it is painful or what other difficulties the patient is experiencing (Yarbro, Wujcik and Gobel, 2011). The reality about patients concerns and fear should be acknowledged and patient should be supported so that patient can express the inner feelings. 6. Lindas immediate support service might include a nurse aide, who can assist her with activities, movements and she might be support with emergency registered nurse, who can start monitoring and reviewing her ongoing health condition. Case study 2 1: Mr. Papadakis is a diabetic patient. The blood pressure of him found to be 156/72. He has high blood pressure. The normal heart rate is 100 beats per minute but his heart rate is more than normal rate that is 104 beats per minute. The normal temperature of human body is 37 C but his body temperature is slightly more than the normal temperature. 15 years ago he was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and now his blood sugar level is 16.2 mmol/L. His body weight is 78 kgs which is not good for his health. He should reduce his body weight. He is suffering from chronic kidney disease because of the prolong time of diabetes. Recently he was diagnosed with parkinsons disease which is a disorder of central nervous system. The symptoms of this disease are sleeping problem, emotion problems, slowness of walking, dementia, rigidity etc. Because of his extreme blood sugar level he is now taking insulin twice a day. H e was not control his blood sugar level when it was diagnosed initially. For thi s reason oral dose of anti diabetic drug is not working. It is clear that his health condition is deteriorating day by day. He is not maintaining a proper diet chart. A diabetic patient should maintain a proper diet chart for his high blood sugar level but he eats whatever his wife puts infront of him. His health condition is not good but he is not aware of his health. When he had extra insulin when he feels he has eaten too much. The life style of him is not healthy. 2: Diabetes is a vast problem for a society. A person dies from diabetes in every six seconds. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition effecting from inadequate action of insulin ('Dyslipidemia Management in Adults With Diabetes', 2003). The blood glucose level of Mr. Papadakis is 16.2 mmol/L. An increased amount of glucose in the blood is an indication that diabetes is out of control. It happens when the body cannot use the insulin or does not have enough insulin. Signs of hyperglycemia are great thirst, dry mouth and need to urinate often (Kidney.org, 2015). For non-diabetic person: Pre-prandial plasma glucose: 4-5.9mmol/L Post-prandial plasma glucose: 7.8mmol/L For type II diabetic patient: Pre-prandial plasma glucose: 4.7mmol/L Post-prandial plasma glucose: 8.5mmol/L Because of the diabetes the small blood vessels are damaged. So the function of the kidney is hampered and they cannot clean the blood. For that reason the amount of water and salt is increasing ('Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy', 2015). 3: Prolong hospitalization is very painful for any patient. Mr. Papadakis is 72 year old diabetic patient ('Dyslipidemia Management in Adults With Diabetes', 2003). Normally he is very lazy in nature and he is not following any direction which is advised by his general physician. So it is more difficult for Mr. Papakadis to maintain a strict routine in hospital. Five possible complications that he may experience as a result of prolonged hospitalization are (Merckmanuals.com, 2015): Hospital- acquired infection: Hospital- acquired infections are known as nosocomial infection. The patients who are hospitalized for prolonged time have the risk for hospital- acquired infections. Urinary tract infection: Sometimes urinary catheter is used for the bed rest patients in the hospital. They are infected by the bacteria and urinary tract infection is developed. Blood clots: The patients who are not moving their arms or legs, they have risk to clot the blood. The patients with bed rest usually cannot move so blood moves slowly. As a result blood will clot. Depression: Due to prolong hospitalization patients become depressed. Because of the less contact with the people patients are feeling helpless. Constipation: Due to less activeness the stool passes slowly all the way through the intestine. So constipation occurs (Uknowledge.uky.edu, 2015). 4: The process of reduction of addiction to abusive drugs is called rehabilitation. Mrs. Papakadis have the tendency to use drugs for a small reason and that is not good for his health. So he needs rehabilitation therapy where a proper care is given by the health professionals. It is very important for the patient to get a support a faith from their family and friends during the rehabilitation process. Because of his age Mr. Papakadis needs a extra care. ('Drug abuse : an opposing viewpoints guide', 2015) 5: The nurse should communicate with the patient. It is the responsibility of the nurse to motivate the patient and encourage for his health awareness (Mukhamedzhanov Esyrev, 2013). In case of Mr. Papakadis he is very lazy in nature and he has not much energy to do some effective exercise. Nurse patient interaction plays an important role in the health care service. Failure in communication can start negative outcomes. The effective nursing care is the major role for the nurse because a patient and the family of the patient both are totally dependent on the care of nurse. The nurse should advise for a good diet chart and motivate for exercise. Mr. Papakadis should check his blood sugar level regularly (Volpe, 2011). 6: Mr. Papakadis should follow a proper diet chart which is made by his general physician. Mr. Papakadis should change his life style. Mr. Papakadis needs a good lifestyle and proper nutrition counseling. Mr. Papakadis is a diabetic patient with high blood pressure. By changing his lifestyle behavior he can improve his health condition. He should follow the proper medication and instructions made by her general physician. His health condition is very poor because of his ignorance. References: BURKE, K., PENSTON, H. and RILEY, J. (2008). Audit of specialist nurse pharmacological intervention in chronic heart failure.European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 7, pp.S14-S15. 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